darkfi/src/validator/mod.rs

/* This file is part of DarkFi (https://dark.fi)
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2020-2024 Dyne.org foundation
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
 * License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

use std::{collections::HashMap, sync::Arc};

use darkfi_sdk::crypto::MerkleTree;
use log::{debug, error, info, warn};
use num_bigint::BigUint;
use smol::lock::RwLock;

use crate::{
    blockchain::{
        block_store::{BlockDifficulty, BlockInfo, BlockRanks},
        Blockchain, BlockchainOverlay, HeaderHash,
    },
    error::TxVerifyFailed,
    tx::Transaction,
    zk::VerifyingKey,
    Error, Result,
};

/// DarkFi consensus module
pub mod consensus;
use consensus::{Consensus, Fork, Proposal};

/// DarkFi PoW module
pub mod pow;
use pow::PoWModule;

/// Verification functions
pub mod verification;
use verification::{
    verify_block, verify_checkpoint_block, verify_genesis_block, verify_producer_transaction,
    verify_transaction, verify_transactions,
};

/// Fee calculation helpers
pub mod fees;

/// Helper utilities
pub mod utils;
use utils::{best_fork_index, block_rank, deploy_native_contracts};

/// Configuration for initializing [`Validator`]
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct ValidatorConfig {
    /// Currently configured finalization security threshold
    pub finalization_threshold: usize,
    /// Currently configured PoW target
    pub pow_target: u32,
    /// Optional fixed difficulty, for testing purposes
    pub pow_fixed_difficulty: Option<BigUint>,
    /// Genesis block
    pub genesis_block: BlockInfo,
    /// Flag to enable tx fee verification
    pub verify_fees: bool,
}

/// Atomic pointer to validator.
pub type ValidatorPtr = Arc<Validator>;

/// This struct represents a DarkFi validator node.
pub struct Validator {
    /// Canonical (finalized) blockchain
    pub blockchain: Blockchain,
    /// Hot/Live data used by the consensus algorithm
    pub consensus: Consensus,
    /// Flag signalling node has finished initial sync
    pub synced: RwLock<bool>,
    /// Flag to enable tx fee verification
    pub verify_fees: bool,
}

impl Validator {
    pub async fn new(db: &sled::Db, config: ValidatorConfig) -> Result<ValidatorPtr> {
        info!(target: "validator::new", "Initializing Validator");

        info!(target: "validator::new", "Initializing Blockchain");
        let blockchain = Blockchain::new(db)?;

        // Create an overlay over whole blockchain so we can write stuff
        let overlay = BlockchainOverlay::new(&blockchain)?;

        // Deploy native wasm contracts
        deploy_native_contracts(&overlay, config.pow_target).await?;

        // Add genesis block if blockchain is empty
        if blockchain.genesis().is_err() {
            info!(target: "validator::new", "Appending genesis block");
            verify_genesis_block(&overlay, &config.genesis_block, config.pow_target).await?;
        };

        // Write the changes to the actual chain db
        overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().apply()?;

        info!(target: "validator::new", "Initializing Consensus");
        let consensus = Consensus::new(
            blockchain.clone(),
            config.finalization_threshold,
            config.pow_target,
            config.pow_fixed_difficulty,
        )?;

        // Create the actual state
        let state = Arc::new(Self {
            blockchain,
            consensus,
            synced: RwLock::new(false),
            verify_fees: config.verify_fees,
        });

        info!(target: "validator::new", "Finished initializing validator");
        Ok(state)
    }

    /// Auxiliary function to compute provided transaction's total gas,
    /// against current best fork.
    /// The function takes a boolean called `verify_fee` to overwrite
    /// the nodes configured `verify_fees` flag.
    pub async fn calculate_gas(&self, tx: &Transaction, verify_fee: bool) -> Result<u64> {
        // Grab the best fork to verify against
        let forks = self.consensus.forks.read().await;
        let fork = forks[best_fork_index(&forks)?].full_clone()?;
        drop(forks);

        // Map of ZK proof verifying keys for the transaction
        let mut vks: HashMap<[u8; 32], HashMap<String, VerifyingKey>> = HashMap::new();
        for call in &tx.calls {
            vks.insert(call.data.contract_id.to_bytes(), HashMap::new());
        }

        // Grab forks' next block height
        let next_block_height = fork.get_next_block_height()?;

        // Verify transaction to grab the gas used
        let verify_result = verify_transaction(
            &fork.overlay,
            next_block_height,
            self.consensus.module.read().await.target,
            tx,
            &mut MerkleTree::new(1),
            &mut vks,
            verify_fee,
        )
        .await;

        // Purge new trees
        fork.overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().purge_new_trees()?;

        Ok(verify_result?.0)
    }

    /// The node retrieves a transaction, validates its state transition,
    /// and appends it to the pending txs store.
    pub async fn append_tx(&self, tx: &Transaction, write: bool) -> Result<()> {
        let tx_hash = tx.hash();

        // Check if we have already seen this tx
        let tx_in_txstore = self.blockchain.transactions.contains(&tx_hash)?;
        let tx_in_pending_txs_store = self.blockchain.transactions.contains_pending(&tx_hash)?;

        if tx_in_txstore || tx_in_pending_txs_store {
            info!(target: "validator::append_tx", "We have already seen this tx");
            return Err(TxVerifyFailed::AlreadySeenTx(tx_hash.as_string()).into())
        }

        // Verify state transition
        info!(target: "validator::append_tx", "Starting state transition validation");
        let tx_vec = [tx.clone()];
        let mut valid = false;

        // Grab a lock over current consensus forks state
        let mut forks = self.consensus.forks.write().await;

        // Iterate over node forks to verify transaction validity in their overlays
        for fork in forks.iter_mut() {
            // Clone fork state
            let fork_clone = fork.full_clone()?;

            // Grab forks' next block height
            let next_block_height = fork_clone.get_next_block_height()?;

            // Verify transaction
            let verify_result = verify_transactions(
                &fork_clone.overlay,
                next_block_height,
                self.consensus.module.read().await.target,
                &tx_vec,
                &mut MerkleTree::new(1),
                self.verify_fees,
            )
            .await;

            // Purge new trees
            fork_clone.overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().purge_new_trees()?;

            // Handle response
            match verify_result {
                Ok(_) => {}
                Err(Error::TxVerifyFailed(TxVerifyFailed::ErroneousTxs(_))) => continue,
                Err(e) => return Err(e),
            }

            valid = true;

            // Store transaction hash in forks' mempool
            if write {
                fork.mempool.push(tx_hash);
            }
        }

        // Drop forks lock
        drop(forks);

        // Return error if transaction is not valid for any fork
        if !valid {
            return Err(TxVerifyFailed::ErroneousTxs(tx_vec.to_vec()).into())
        }

        // Add transaction to pending txs store
        if write {
            self.blockchain.add_pending_txs(&tx_vec)?;
            info!(target: "validator::append_tx", "Appended tx to pending txs store");
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// The node removes invalid transactions from the pending txs store.
    pub async fn purge_pending_txs(&self) -> Result<()> {
        info!(target: "validator::purge_pending_txs", "Removing invalid transactions from pending transactions store...");

        // Check if any pending transactions exist
        let pending_txs = self.blockchain.get_pending_txs()?;
        if pending_txs.is_empty() {
            info!(target: "validator::purge_pending_txs", "No pending transactions found");
            return Ok(())
        }

        // Grab a lock over current consensus forks state
        let mut forks = self.consensus.forks.write().await;

        let mut removed_txs = vec![];
        for tx in pending_txs {
            let tx_hash = tx.hash();
            let tx_vec = [tx.clone()];
            let mut valid = false;

            // Iterate over node forks to verify transaction validity in their overlays
            for fork in forks.iter_mut() {
                // Clone fork state
                let fork_clone = fork.full_clone()?;

                // Grab forks' next block height
                let next_block_height = fork_clone.get_next_block_height()?;

                // Verify transaction
                let verify_result = verify_transactions(
                    &fork_clone.overlay,
                    next_block_height,
                    self.consensus.module.read().await.target,
                    &tx_vec,
                    &mut MerkleTree::new(1),
                    self.verify_fees,
                )
                .await;

                // Purge new trees
                fork_clone.overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().purge_new_trees()?;

                // Handle response
                match verify_result {
                    Ok(_) => {
                        valid = true;
                        continue
                    }
                    Err(Error::TxVerifyFailed(TxVerifyFailed::ErroneousTxs(_))) => {}
                    Err(e) => return Err(e),
                }

                // Remove erroneous transaction from forks' mempool
                fork.mempool.retain(|x| *x != tx_hash);
            }

            // Remove pending transaction if it's not valid for canonical or any fork
            if !valid {
                removed_txs.push(tx)
            }
        }

        // Drop forks lock
        drop(forks);

        if removed_txs.is_empty() {
            info!(target: "validator::purge_pending_txs", "No erroneous transactions found");
            return Ok(())
        }
        info!(target: "validator::purge_pending_txs", "Removing {} erroneous transactions...", removed_txs.len());
        self.blockchain.remove_pending_txs(&removed_txs)?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// The node locks its consensus state and tries to append provided proposal.
    pub async fn append_proposal(&self, proposal: &Proposal) -> Result<()> {
        // Grab append lock so we restrict concurrent calls of this function
        let append_lock = self.consensus.append_lock.write().await;

        // Execute append
        let result = self.consensus.append_proposal(proposal, self.verify_fees).await;

        // Release append lock
        drop(append_lock);

        result
    }

    /// The node checks if best fork can be finalized.
    /// If proposals can be finalized, node appends them to canonical,
    /// and resets the current forks.
    pub async fn finalization(&self) -> Result<Vec<BlockInfo>> {
        // Grab append lock so no new proposals can be appended while
        // we execute finalization
        let append_lock = self.consensus.append_lock.write().await;

        info!(target: "validator::finalization", "Performing finalization check");

        // Grab best fork index that can be finalized
        let finalized_fork = match self.consensus.finalization().await {
            Ok(f) => f,
            Err(e) => {
                drop(append_lock);
                return Err(e)
            }
        };
        if finalized_fork.is_none() {
            info!(target: "validator::finalization", "No proposals can be finalized");
            drop(append_lock);
            return Ok(vec![])
        }

        // Grab the actual best fork
        let finalized_fork = finalized_fork.unwrap();
        let mut forks = self.consensus.forks.write().await;
        let fork = &mut forks[finalized_fork];

        // Find the excess over finalization threshold
        let excess = (fork.proposals.len() - self.consensus.finalization_threshold) + 1;

        // Grab finalized proposals and update fork's sequences
        let rest_proposals = fork.proposals.split_off(excess);
        let rest_diffs = fork.diffs.split_off(excess);
        let finalized_proposals = fork.proposals.clone();
        let mut diffs = fork.diffs.clone();
        fork.proposals = rest_proposals;
        fork.diffs = rest_diffs;

        // Grab finalized proposals blocks
        let finalized_blocks =
            fork.overlay.lock().unwrap().get_blocks_by_hash(&finalized_proposals)?;

        // Apply finalized proposals diffs and update PoW module
        let mut module = self.consensus.module.write().await;
        let mut finalized_txs = vec![];
        info!(target: "validator::finalization", "Finalizing proposals:");
        for (index, proposal) in finalized_proposals.iter().enumerate() {
            info!(target: "validator::finalization", "\t{} - {}", proposal, finalized_blocks[index].header.height);
            fork.overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().apply_diff(&mut diffs[index])?;
            let next_difficulty = module.next_difficulty()?;
            module.append(finalized_blocks[index].header.timestamp, &next_difficulty);
            finalized_txs.extend_from_slice(&finalized_blocks[index].txs);
        }
        drop(module);
        drop(forks);

        // Reset forks starting with the finalized blocks
        self.consensus.reset_forks(&finalized_proposals, &finalized_fork, &finalized_txs).await?;
        info!(target: "validator::finalization", "Finalization completed!");

        // Release append lock
        drop(append_lock);

        Ok(finalized_blocks)
    }

    /// Apply provided set of [`BlockInfo`] without doing formal verification.
    /// A set of ['HeaderHash`] is also provided, to verify that the provided
    /// block hash matches the expected header one.
    /// Note: this function should only be used for blocks received using a
    /// checkpoint, since in that case we enforce the node to follow the sequence,
    /// assuming they all its blocks are valid. Additionally, it will update
    /// any forks to a single empty one, holding the updated module.
    pub async fn add_checkpoint_blocks(
        &self,
        blocks: &[BlockInfo],
        headers: &[HeaderHash],
    ) -> Result<()> {
        // Check provided sequences are the same length
        if blocks.len() != headers.len() {
            return Err(Error::InvalidInputLengths)
        }

        debug!(target: "validator::add_checkpoint_blocks", "Instantiating BlockchainOverlay");
        let overlay = BlockchainOverlay::new(&self.blockchain)?;

        // Retrieve last block difficulty to access current ranks
        let last_difficulty = self.blockchain.last_block_difficulty()?;
        let mut current_targets_rank = last_difficulty.ranks.targets_rank;
        let mut current_hashes_rank = last_difficulty.ranks.hashes_rank;

        // Grab current PoW module to validate each block
        let mut module = self.consensus.module.read().await.clone();

        // Keep track of all blocks transactions to remove them from pending txs store
        let mut removed_txs = vec![];

        // Validate and insert each block
        for (index, block) in blocks.iter().enumerate() {
            // Verify block
            match verify_checkpoint_block(&overlay, block, &headers[index], module.target).await {
                Ok(()) => { /* Do nothing */ }
                // Skip already existing block
                Err(Error::BlockAlreadyExists(_)) => continue,
                Err(e) => {
                    error!(target: "validator::add_checkpoint_blocks", "Erroneous block found in set: {}", e);
                    overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().purge_new_trees()?;
                    return Err(Error::BlockIsInvalid(block.hash().as_string()))
                }
            };

            // Grab next mine target and difficulty
            let (next_target, next_difficulty) = module.next_mine_target_and_difficulty()?;

            // Calculate block rank
            let (target_distance_sq, hash_distance_sq) = block_rank(block, &next_target);

            // Update current ranks
            current_targets_rank += target_distance_sq.clone();
            current_hashes_rank += hash_distance_sq.clone();

            // Generate block difficulty and update PoW module
            let cummulative_difficulty =
                module.cummulative_difficulty.clone() + next_difficulty.clone();
            let ranks = BlockRanks::new(
                target_distance_sq,
                current_targets_rank.clone(),
                hash_distance_sq,
                current_hashes_rank.clone(),
            );
            let block_difficulty = BlockDifficulty::new(
                block.header.height,
                block.header.timestamp,
                next_difficulty,
                cummulative_difficulty,
                ranks,
            );
            module.append_difficulty(&overlay, block_difficulty)?;

            // Store block transactions
            for tx in &block.txs {
                removed_txs.push(tx.clone());
            }
        }

        debug!(target: "validator::add_checkpoint_blocks", "Applying overlay changes");
        overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().apply()?;

        // Remove blocks transactions from pending txs store
        self.blockchain.remove_pending_txs(&removed_txs)?;

        // Update PoW module
        *self.consensus.module.write().await = module.clone();

        // Update forks
        *self.consensus.forks.write().await =
            vec![Fork::new(self.blockchain.clone(), module).await?];

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Validate a set of [`BlockInfo`] in sequence and apply them if all are valid.
    /// Note: this function should only be used in tests when we don't want to
    /// perform consensus logic.
    pub async fn add_test_blocks(&self, blocks: &[BlockInfo]) -> Result<()> {
        debug!(target: "validator::add_test_blocks", "Instantiating BlockchainOverlay");
        let overlay = BlockchainOverlay::new(&self.blockchain)?;

        // Retrieve last block
        let mut previous = &overlay.lock().unwrap().last_block()?;

        // Retrieve last block difficulty to access current ranks
        let last_difficulty = self.blockchain.last_block_difficulty()?;
        let mut current_targets_rank = last_difficulty.ranks.targets_rank;
        let mut current_hashes_rank = last_difficulty.ranks.hashes_rank;

        // Grab current PoW module to validate each block
        let mut module = self.consensus.module.read().await.clone();

        // Keep track of all blocks transactions to remove them from pending txs store
        let mut removed_txs = vec![];

        // Validate and insert each block
        for block in blocks {
            // Verify block
            match verify_block(&overlay, &module, block, previous, self.verify_fees).await {
                Ok(()) => { /* Do nothing */ }
                // Skip already existing block
                Err(Error::BlockAlreadyExists(_)) => {
                    previous = block;
                    continue
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    error!(target: "validator::add_test_blocks", "Erroneous block found in set: {}", e);
                    overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().purge_new_trees()?;
                    return Err(Error::BlockIsInvalid(block.hash().as_string()))
                }
            };

            // Grab next mine target and difficulty
            let (next_target, next_difficulty) = module.next_mine_target_and_difficulty()?;

            // Calculate block rank
            let (target_distance_sq, hash_distance_sq) = block_rank(block, &next_target);

            // Update current ranks
            current_targets_rank += target_distance_sq.clone();
            current_hashes_rank += hash_distance_sq.clone();

            // Generate block difficulty and update PoW module
            let cummulative_difficulty =
                module.cummulative_difficulty.clone() + next_difficulty.clone();
            let ranks = BlockRanks::new(
                target_distance_sq,
                current_targets_rank.clone(),
                hash_distance_sq,
                current_hashes_rank.clone(),
            );
            let block_difficulty = BlockDifficulty::new(
                block.header.height,
                block.header.timestamp,
                next_difficulty,
                cummulative_difficulty,
                ranks,
            );
            module.append_difficulty(&overlay, block_difficulty)?;

            // Store block transactions
            for tx in &block.txs {
                removed_txs.push(tx.clone());
            }

            // Use last inserted block as next iteration previous
            previous = block;
        }

        debug!(target: "validator::add_test_blocks", "Applying overlay changes");
        overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().apply()?;

        // Purge pending erroneous txs since canonical state has been changed
        self.blockchain.remove_pending_txs(&removed_txs)?;
        self.purge_pending_txs().await?;

        // Update PoW module
        *self.consensus.module.write().await = module;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Validate a set of [`Transaction`] in sequence and apply them if all are valid.
    /// In case any of the transactions fail, they will be returned to the caller.
    /// The function takes a boolean called `write` which tells it to actually write
    /// the state transitions to the database, and a boolean called `verify_fees` to
    /// overwrite the nodes configured `verify_fees` flag.
    ///
    /// Returns the total gas used and total paid fees for the given transactions.
    /// Note: this function should only be used in tests.
    pub async fn add_test_transactions(
        &self,
        txs: &[Transaction],
        verifying_block_height: u32,
        block_target: u32,
        write: bool,
        verify_fees: bool,
    ) -> Result<(u64, u64)> {
        debug!(target: "validator::add_transactions", "Instantiating BlockchainOverlay");
        let overlay = BlockchainOverlay::new(&self.blockchain)?;

        // Verify all transactions and get erroneous ones
        let verify_result = verify_transactions(
            &overlay,
            verifying_block_height,
            block_target,
            txs,
            &mut MerkleTree::new(1),
            verify_fees,
        )
        .await;

        let lock = overlay.lock().unwrap();
        let mut overlay = lock.overlay.lock().unwrap();

        if let Err(e) = verify_result {
            overlay.purge_new_trees()?;
            return Err(e)
        }

        let gas_values = verify_result.unwrap();

        if !write {
            debug!(target: "validator::add_transactions", "Skipping apply of state updates because write=false");
            overlay.purge_new_trees()?;
            return Ok(gas_values)
        }

        debug!(target: "validator::add_transactions", "Applying overlay changes");
        overlay.apply()?;
        Ok(gas_values)
    }

    /// Validate a producer `Transaction` and apply it if valid.
    /// In case the transactions fail, ir will be returned to the caller.
    /// The function takes a boolean called `write` which tells it to actually write
    /// the state transitions to the database.
    /// This should be only used for test purposes.
    pub async fn add_test_producer_transaction(
        &self,
        tx: &Transaction,
        verifying_block_height: u32,
        block_target: u32,
        write: bool,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        debug!(target: "validator::add_test_producer_transaction", "Instantiating BlockchainOverlay");
        let overlay = BlockchainOverlay::new(&self.blockchain)?;

        // Verify transaction
        let mut erroneous_txs = vec![];
        if let Err(e) = verify_producer_transaction(
            &overlay,
            verifying_block_height,
            block_target,
            tx,
            &mut MerkleTree::new(1),
        )
        .await
        {
            warn!(target: "validator::add_test_producer_transaction", "Transaction verification failed: {}", e);
            erroneous_txs.push(tx.clone());
        }

        let lock = overlay.lock().unwrap();
        let mut overlay = lock.overlay.lock().unwrap();
        if !erroneous_txs.is_empty() {
            warn!(target: "validator::add_test_producer_transaction", "Erroneous transactions found in set");
            overlay.purge_new_trees()?;
            return Err(TxVerifyFailed::ErroneousTxs(erroneous_txs).into())
        }

        if !write {
            debug!(target: "validator::add_test_producer_transaction", "Skipping apply of state updates because write=false");
            overlay.purge_new_trees()?;
            return Ok(())
        }

        debug!(target: "validator::add_test_producer_transaction", "Applying overlay changes");
        overlay.apply()?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Retrieve all existing blocks and try to apply them
    /// to an in memory overlay to verify their correctness.
    /// Be careful as this will try to load everything in memory.
    pub async fn validate_blockchain(
        &self,
        pow_target: u32,
        pow_fixed_difficulty: Option<BigUint>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let blocks = self.blockchain.get_all()?;

        // An empty blockchain is considered valid
        if blocks.is_empty() {
            return Ok(())
        }

        // Create an in memory blockchain overlay
        let sled_db = sled::Config::new().temporary(true).open()?;
        let blockchain = Blockchain::new(&sled_db)?;
        let overlay = BlockchainOverlay::new(&blockchain)?;

        // Set previous
        let mut previous = &blocks[0];

        // Deploy native wasm contracts
        deploy_native_contracts(&overlay, pow_target).await?;

        // Validate genesis block
        verify_genesis_block(&overlay, previous, pow_target).await?;

        // Write the changes to the in memory db
        overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().apply()?;

        // Create a PoW module to validate each block
        let mut module = PoWModule::new(blockchain, pow_target, pow_fixed_difficulty)?;

        // Validate and insert each block
        for block in &blocks[1..] {
            // Verify block
            if verify_block(&overlay, &module, block, previous, self.verify_fees).await.is_err() {
                error!(target: "validator::validate_blockchain", "Erroneous block found in set");
                overlay.lock().unwrap().overlay.lock().unwrap().purge_new_trees()?;
                return Err(Error::BlockIsInvalid(block.hash().as_string()))
            };

            // Update PoW module
            module.append(block.header.timestamp, &module.next_difficulty()?);

            // Use last inserted block as next iteration previous
            previous = block;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Auxiliary function to retrieve current best fork next block height.
    pub async fn best_fork_next_block_height(&self) -> Result<u32> {
        let forks = self.consensus.forks.read().await;
        let fork = &forks[best_fork_index(&forks)?];
        let next_block_height = fork.get_next_block_height()?;
        drop(forks);

        Ok(next_block_height)
    }
}